Loading…
Blog
/
Articles
EN
·
English
Language
EN · English
PT-BR · Português (Brasil)
FundamentalRadar
/
Blog
Articles and guides
Guides on stocks, REITs, dividends and market indicators
Educational articles built from public market data. Not investment advice.
Knowledge library
Find the right guide for your next question
82
published guides
Search articles
Order
Most recent
A–Z
All
82
Fundamentals
38
Income & REITs
16
Valuation
4
Tools
7
Markets
17
82 results
Recently published
Income & REITs
01
Brazilian FII fair value: a P/NAV and fundamentals framework
Estimate a Brazilian REIT's fair value with P/NAV, distributable income, lease quality, vacancy, credit risk, and scenario analysis.
9 min read
Aug 17, 2026
Income & REITs
02
How much to invest for dividend income: a clear formula
Learn the formula to calculate investment for monthly dividends. See 2%, 3%, 4% yield scenarios, tax implications, and why estimates aren't guarantees.
13 min read
Aug 17, 2026
Fundamentals
03
Apple's dividend payout ratio: formula and meaning
How Apple's payout ratio is calculated from dividends and earnings per share, why trailing and forward figures diverge, and what buybacks add.
12 min read
Aug 11, 2026
Explore the library
Fundamentals
04
Best dividend yield: a guide to yield quality
No single best dividend yield exists. Learn how sector, payout quality, cash flow, leverage, valuation, taxes, and data freshness shape yield signals.
12 min read
Aug 11, 2026
Markets
05
Brazilian Treasury bonds: Tesouro Direto complete guide
Understand Tesouro Direto bond types, inflation and interest-rate risk, taxes, fees, liquidity and mark-to-market from Treasury and B3 sources.
10 min read
Aug 11, 2026
Markets
06
CDB investment in Brazil: guide to bank certificates
Learn what CDBs are, how fixed vs post-fixed rates work, CDI reference, credit risk, FGC coverage, taxes, liquidity and maturity in Brazil.
10 min read
Aug 11, 2026
Valuation
07
DCF step by step: forecast, discount, value safely
A clear walkthrough of discounted cash flow valuation, from forecasting free cash flow to testing sensitivity.
10 min read
Aug 11, 2026
Markets
08
Form 13F: quarterly disclosure of institutional holdings
What Form 13F is used for: quarterly disclosure of institutional holdings, filing dates, covered securities, and why it cannot reveal current positions.
7 min read
Aug 11, 2026
Fundamentals
09
Forward dividend yield: what it is and what it isn't
Understand forward versus trailing dividend yield, annualization, declared versus expected distributions, and payout ratio sustainability.
8 min read
Aug 11, 2026
Fundamentals
10
Fundamental analysis: what it is and how to read it
Fundamental analysis: how financial statements, ratios, cash flow, valuation, and industry context fit together, and why analysis is not a recommendation.
13 min read
Aug 11, 2026
Fundamentals
11
Fundamental Equity Analysis: A Complete Guide
Learn how to evaluate a company's business model, financial statements, profitability, cash flow and valuation using SEC filings and public data.
12 min read
Aug 11, 2026
Fundamentals
12
Fundamental vs technical analysis in forex
Compare fundamental and technical analysis in forex: rates, inflation, employment, charts, leverage, and risk.
9 min read
Aug 11, 2026
Fundamentals
13
Fundamental vs technical analysis in trading
Compare fundamental and technical analysis by business and financial data, price and volume, time horizon, assumptions, limitations, and bias.
11 min read
Aug 11, 2026
Markets
14
How to buy stocks after hours: venues, orders and risks
Understand after-hours stock trading: eligible venues, order types, spreads, liquidity, settlement, and broker restrictions for U.S. markets.
12 min read
Aug 11, 2026
Income & REITs
15
How to Calculate Dividend Yield With Examples
Learn what dividend yield measures, how to calculate it with labeled examples, and why price changes and special distributions can distort the number.
10 min read
Aug 11, 2026
Income & REITs
16
How to check dividend history in a stock screener
Understand ex-dates, payment dates, dividend versus interest on equity, trailing yield, and why past dividends do not guarantee future income.
9 min read
Aug 11, 2026
Markets
17
How to Find SEC Form 13F Filings
Find SEC Form 13F filings on EDGAR, understand 13F-HR amendments, filer identifiers, filing periods, and what institutional holdings show and hide.
7 min read
Aug 11, 2026
Fundamentals
18
How to invest in Brazilian bonds: a complete guide
Understand Brazilian government and corporate bonds, including credit risk, duration, inflation, currency, taxes, and where to check official data.
9 min read
Aug 11, 2026
Markets
19
How to invest in Brazilian ETFs on B3
Learn what a Brazilian ETF is, how B3-listed index funds work, what fees and liquidity to expect, and how to check holdings, taxes and currency exposure.
11 min read
Aug 11, 2026
Income & REITs
20
How to invest in Brazilian real estate
Compare direct property, FIIs and listed Brazilian real estate companies. Review liquidity, income, vacancy, taxes, currency and risks before you decide.
11 min read
Aug 11, 2026
Markets
21
How to invest in stocks with little money
Learn how to start investing in stocks with small amounts: fractional shares, fees, diversification, risk, order mechanics and realistic expectations.
10 min read
Aug 11, 2026
Tools
22
How to judge a stock screener
Learn how to judge a stock screener: coverage, data provenance, filter definitions, cadence, export, auditability, and limitations.
11 min read
Aug 11, 2026
Markets
23
How to read a Form 13F information table
A field-by-field guide to the SEC Form 13F information table: manager, issuer, class, CUSIP, value, shares, put/call, and reporting period.
9 min read
Aug 11, 2026
Tools
24
How to use a stock screener for day trading
Use stock screeners to research liquidity, volume, volatility, catalysts, and execution risk.
12 min read
Aug 11, 2026
Markets
25
SEC Form 13F-NPX: proxy voting disclosure guide
Evergreen guide to Form 13F-NPX: who files, proxy voting disclosure, annual N-PX deadline, and what the filing reveals about say-on-pay votes.
7 min read
Aug 11, 2026
Fundamentals
26
Stock Investing for Beginners With Little Money
Start stock investing with little money: account setup, fractional shares, fee control, diversification, emergency reserves, and realistic expectations.
12 min read
Aug 11, 2026
Income & REITs
27
Trailing 12-month dividend yield explained clearly
Understand TTM dividend yield: the rolling 12-month window, special dividends, corporate actions, currency, and how it differs from forward yield.
10 min read
Aug 11, 2026
Income & REITs
28
What does a high dividend yield mean?
A high dividend yield can signal income or risk. Learn to interpret yields, payout sustainability, and sector differences without chasing high yields.
8 min read
Aug 11, 2026
Fundamentals
29
What does dividend yield mean for stocks?
Learn how dividend yield is calculated, why price changes move it, trailing vs forward figures, payout context, and common data limitations.
11 min read
Aug 11, 2026
Fundamentals
30
What does dividend yield percentage mean?
Learn what dividend yield percentage measures, how the numerator and denominator interact, and why the figure is not a guaranteed return.
12 min read
Aug 11, 2026
Markets
31
What Form 13F-NT really means for stock holders
Form 13F-NT is a notice filing. Learn who files it, how it relates to 13F-HR, what the cover page shows, and how to read institutional holdings safely.
8 min read
Aug 11, 2026
Income & REITs
32
What Is a Good Dividend Yield?
Learn how sector, price, payout and sustainability shape dividend yield; no single threshold fits every stock.
8 min read
Aug 11, 2026
Fundamentals
33
What Is a Good P/E Ratio Range?
Why P/E targets differ by sector, growth stage, interest rates, and market regime. No universal rule, only a framework for informed comparisons.
12 min read
Aug 11, 2026
Tools
34
What is a stock screener app: a practical guide
Learn what a stock screener app does, which filters matter, and how to use saved screens without falling for false precision or survivorship bias.
6 min read
Aug 11, 2026
Income & REITs
35
What is annual dividend yield? Definition and calculation
Learn what annual dividend yield measures, how trailing and forward periods differ, and which edge cases affect comparability.
9 min read
Aug 11, 2026
Fundamentals
36
What is the ideal P/E ratio for a stock?
Understand why no single P/E target fits every stock, and how sector context, growth stage, and earnings type affect interpretation.
8 min read
Aug 11, 2026
Fundamentals
37
What is the P/E ratio used for in stock analysis?
Learn what the price-to-earnings ratio measures, how to interpret it with context, and when P/E alone is not enough to make an investment decision.
10 min read
Aug 11, 2026
Markets
38
What SEC Form 13F-HR actually reveals and doesn't
Evergreen guide to SEC Form 13F-HR: who files, deadlines, holdings reported, value fields, amendments, and the quarter-end to filing delay.
8 min read
Aug 11, 2026
Fundamentals
39
What the P/E ratio is and how beginners can read it
Understand the price-to-earnings ratio formula, trailing versus forward earnings, negative earnings, sector comparisons, and why P/E alone is not enough.
9 min read
Aug 11, 2026
Fundamentals
40
Why the P/E ratio matters in stock analysis
Learn how the price-to-earnings ratio provides valuation context, reflects earnings expectations, and supports peer comparison when analysing stocks.
10 min read
Aug 11, 2026
Fundamentals
41
Why there is no universal strong P/E ratio
Why P/E varies by sector, growth, rates, earnings quality, and forward vs trailing earnings. Compare multiples, not headline numbers.
9 min read
Aug 11, 2026
Fundamentals
42
AAPL indicators and dividends on FundamentalRadar
How FundamentalRadar's English US-stock page exposes price, P/E, P/B, ROE, dividend yield, financial statements, and source limitations for Apple.
12 min read
Aug 10, 2026
Income & REITs
43
Average Brazilian REIT dividend yield: a 2026 guide
Learn what an average Brazilian REIT dividend yield means, how to calculate and compare it, and why the average depends on the universe and the period.
10 min read
Aug 10, 2026
Fundamentals
44
Brazilian healthcare stocks: P/E, P/B, ROE, yield
Learn how FundamentalRadar groups healthcare companies by regulator labels, shows P/E, P/B, ROE, dividend yields, market caps, medians, and data limits.
9 min read
Aug 10, 2026
Fundamentals
45
Brazilian tech stocks: P/E, P/B, ROE, dividend data
Learn how FundamentalRadar's English technology sector page shows P/E, P/B, ROE, dividend yield, medians, ranking and coverage limits.
6 min read
Aug 10, 2026
Fundamentals
46
Consumer sector stocks: using the FundamentalRadar page
See what the consumer-sector page includes: covered companies, P/E, P/B, ROE, dividend yield, market cap, medians, ranking, classification and data limits.
6 min read
Aug 10, 2026
Valuation
47
DCF Valuation Explained: Forecast to Intrinsic Value
Learn how FundamentalRadar's DCF model projects cash flows, applies a discount rate, and produces an intrinsic-value estimate — not a market prediction.
10 min read
Aug 10, 2026
Fundamentals
48
Dividend stocks: a beginner's research guide
Learn what dividend yield means, how distributions work, how to read financials for sustainability, and which screener fields help research B3 stocks.
10 min read
Aug 10, 2026
Fundamentals
49
Energy sector stocks: FundamentalRadar page explained
Understand P/E, P/B, ROE, dividend yield, market cap, medians, and ranking on FundamentalRadar's energy sector page for Brazilian electricity stocks.
9 min read
Aug 10, 2026
Valuation
50
Explain intrinsic value: it's an assumption-based estimate
Learn why intrinsic value is an assumption-dependent DCF estimate, how sensitivity affects it, and how to compare it cautiously with price.
10 min read
Aug 10, 2026
Fundamentals
51
Financial sector stocks: banks, insurers, ROE
Learn how FundamentalRadar groups banks, insurers and holdings under one sector page and how to read P/E, P/B, ROE, dividend yield and market cap medians.
12 min read
Aug 10, 2026
Fundamentals
52
GOOGL on FundamentalRadar: price, P/E, and statements
How the FundamentalRadar US-stock page presents price, P/E, P/B, ROE, dividend yield, market cap, financial statements, and freshness notes for GOOGL.
13 min read
Aug 10, 2026
Markets
53
How to invest in Brazilian government bonds
Learn how Tesouro Direto bonds work, including types, maturity, mark-to-market, liquidity, taxes, custody fees and currency risk.
7 min read
Aug 10, 2026
Tools
54
How to invest in Brazilian stocks listed on B3
Understand the Brazilian exchange, research public company data, and use FundamentalRadar's English B3 dashboard responsibly as a beginner.
10 min read
Aug 10, 2026
Fundamentals
55
Microsoft valuation guide: price, P/E, P/B, ROE, market cap
Read Microsoft's valuation indicators on FundamentalRadar's US-stock page: price, P/E, P/B, ROE, dividend yield, market cap and statements.
11 min read
Aug 10, 2026
Fundamentals
56
NVIDIA valuation guide: read price, P/E, P/B, ROE and more
Learn to read NVIDIA's valuation indicators on FundamentalRadar's US-stock page: price, P/B, ROE, dividend yield, market cap, statements and freshness.
9 min read
Aug 10, 2026
Fundamentals
57
Oil and gas stocks: FundamentalRadar sector page guide
Learn to interpret P/E, P/B, ROE, dividend yield and market cap on FundamentalRadar's oil and gas sector page.
9 min read
Aug 10, 2026
Markets
58
SEC Form 13F: filing rules, limits and interpretation
Learn who files Form 13F, when filings appear, what data limits mean, and how to read ownership data on FundamentalRadar.
10 min read
Aug 10, 2026
Tools
59
Brazil Market Dashboard: Ibovespa, Selic, CDI, IPCA, USD/BRL
Track Brazil's key market indicators: Ibovespa index, Selic rate, CDI, IPCA inflation, and USD/BRL exchange rates with official source timestamps.
9 min read
Aug 09, 2026
Tools
60
DCA Calculator: Recurring Contributions, Returns & Limits
Evergreen guide to the FundamentalRadar DCA calculator: historical simulations, returns, index comparisons, and simulation limits.
7 min read
Aug 09, 2026
Fundamentals
61
Guide to Reading a FundamentalRadar Ticker Page
Learn to read closing price, P/E, P/B, ROE, dividends, and financial statements on a FundamentalRadar ticker page step by step.
10 min read
Aug 09, 2026
Markets
62
Reading B3 Top Movers on FundamentalRadar
How to read B3 top gainers/losers panel — % change, session date, turnover, and missing features.
8 min read
Aug 09, 2026
Markets
63
SEC Forms 3 4 5 and 13F: Insider vs Institutional Filings
Distinguish corporate insiders from institutional managers in SEC and CVM ownership disclosures. Research Forms 3, 4, 5 and 13F on FundamentalRadar.
10 min read
Aug 09, 2026
Fundamentals
64
FII Comparator: Analyzing Three Real Estate Funds
Compare three Brazilian FIIs side by side using dividend yield, P/B, vacancy, and liquidity. Learn what each metric means and how to avoid common traps.
10 min read
Jul 31, 2026
Income & REITs
65
FII Paper vs Brick: Differences and How to Choose
Compare FII paper and brick funds on B3. Learn how each generates income, their risks, and which fits your portfolio.
10 min read
Jul 31, 2026
Fundamentals
66
Fundamentalist Score: The 0-100 Rating Explained
Learn how the fundamentalist score rates stocks from 0-100. Understand metrics like P/E, P/B, ROE, dividend yield, and what each percentile means.
10 min read
Jul 31, 2026
Income & REITs
67
How to choose FIIs for monthly income: a practical guide
Learn how to select Brazilian real estate investment funds for steady monthly income. Compare FII types, key metrics, and tax rules.
10 min read
Jul 31, 2026
Income & REITs
68
REIT screener: find the best REITs by yield and P/FFO
Build a REIT screener filtering by dividend yield and P/FFO. Learn which metrics matter, screening steps, and common pitfalls to avoid.
8 min read
Jul 31, 2026
Fundamentals
69
Sector Analysis: P/E, ROE and Dividend Yield by Sector
Compare median valuation, profitability and income metrics across sectors. Learn how P/E, ROE and dividend yield differ by industry.
8 min read
Jul 31, 2026
Markets
70
Selic and CDI: difference, how they work and move stocks
Selic and CDI: how Brazil rates affect stocks and investments.
9 min read
Jul 31, 2026
Fundamentals
71
Stock Screener: Filter by P/E, ROE, and Dividend Yield
Build a stock screener with P/E, ROE, and dividend yield filters. Learn thresholds, sector context, and avoid screening mistakes.
8 min read
Jul 31, 2026
Income & REITs
72
B3 Dividend Calendar: Track Ex-Dividend & Payments
Track ex-dividend dates and payments on B3. Learn how dividend dates affect price and tax implications for Brazilian stocks and FIIs.
10 min read
Jul 30, 2026
Valuation
73
DCF Calculator: Discounted Cash Flow Valuation
Learn DCF valuation step by step: project cash flows, calculate WACC, estimate terminal value, and build a sensitivity analysis.
10 min read
Jul 30, 2026
Tools
74
Dollar-Cost Averaging (DCA): What It Is and How to Simulate
Learn how dollar-cost averaging lowers your cost with harmonic-mean math, when lump-sum beats DCA, and how to simulate a DCA plan.
10 min read
Jul 30, 2026
Income & REITs
75
How to Invest in REITs: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners
Learn how to buy REITs, compare ETFs vs individual REITs, evaluate FFO, and avoid non-traded REIT pitfalls — step by step.
11 min read
Jul 30, 2026
Fundamentals
76
P/B Ratio Explained: What It Is & How to Use It
Learn how to calculate and interpret the price-to-book ratio for stock analysis. Understand when P/B signals value and which industries it works best for.
7 min read
Jul 30, 2026
Fundamentals
77
P/E Ratio Explained: A Beginner's Guide
What the P/E ratio is, how to calculate it, and how to interpret high vs. low values in stock analysis.
7 min read
Jul 30, 2026
Income & REITs
78
What Is a REIT? Definition, Types, and How to Invest
Learn what a REIT is, how equity and mortgage REITs work, the SEC requirements, and how to invest in REITs through brokers, mutual funds, and ETFs.
9 min read
Jul 30, 2026
Fundamentals
79
What Is ROE (Return on Equity)? A Beginner's Guide
Learn how to calculate Return on Equity (ROE), its DuPont breakdown, and what ROE numbers mean for stock analysis.
6 min read
Jul 30, 2026
Fundamentals
80
Dividend Yield: Definition, Formula, and How to Interpret It
Learn what dividend yield is, how to calculate it, and why high yield isn't always good. Covers trailing vs forward yield, payout ratios, yield traps.
7 min read
Jul 29, 2026
Markets
81
How to Invest in Stocks for Beginners
Step-by-step guide to investing in stocks: open a brokerage account, place your first trade, and understand taxes.
10 min read
Jul 29, 2026
Fundamentals
82
How to Invest in US Stocks from Brazil
Two routes to buy American stocks from Brazil: BDRs on B3 or a foreign brokerage account. Tax rules, declaration steps, and common errors.
10 min read
Jul 29, 2026
Dashboard
Analysis
Screener
Calendar
Simulator
Blog